TGFB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In addition, CS-induced oxidant stress and cell apoptosis could promote TGF-β1 secretion, one of the main inducers of cell proliferation and airway-vessel remodeling in COPD (Ichimaru et al., 2012; Soltani et al., 2012; Soltani et al., 2016; Mahmood et al., 2017; Guan et al., 2017).