TNF and Sepsis: For the 16 cytokines analyzed, there was a significant effect of sepsis relative to controls for 11 cytokines, with increased levels of [G-CSF (p < 0.0001), IL-17(p = 0.031), KC (p < 0.0001), MCP-1 (p < 0.0001), IL-10 (p < 0.0001), IL-6 (p < 0.0001), MIP-1α (p < 0.0001), and TNFα (p = 0.001)] and a decrease for IL-1α (p < 0.0001), IL-12 (p < 0.0001), and IL-2 (p = 0.014) (Fig. 9).