Immunohistochemical kidney angiotensinogen (Supplementary Fig. 4) or RAS enzyme expression (Supplementary Fig. 5) and analysis of local RAS activity, by measuring angiotensin metabolism and distinct RAS parameters like urinary angiotensinogen (uAGT)-an index of intrarenal RAS activation that might serve as a useful biomarker, has contributed to centre the interest on intrarenal RAS research in CKD and transplant patients33–35. The gene discussed is AGT; the disease is chronic kidney disease.