TNF and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: The top 30 modulated signaling pathways included steroid biosynthesis, RNA degradation, vitamin B6 metabolism, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-heparan sulfate/heparin (which has previously been implicated in IPF)22,23, PPAR signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, retinol metabolism, TNF signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and TGFβ signaling pathway (Supplementary Fig. 3).