PHGDH and colorectal cancer: In colorectal cancer cells, D-2HG (but not its enantiomer L-2HG, produced from the reduction of α-KG by lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA, or malate dehydrogenase, MDH) directly induces EMT in colorectal cancer cells by promoting H3K4me3 marks at the ZEB1 promoter and its transcription [83].