PDK1 and hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma: The major effects of HIF-1α activation on metabolism are to (1) stimulate glycolytic energy production by promoting the expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 (SLC2A1) and glycolytic enzymes (such as hexokinase 1/2 (HK1/2), PFK1, PFKFB3 and aldolase); and (2) to downregulate mitochondrial OXPHOS by promoting the expression pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) [152] and the MYC inhibitor MAX interactor 1 (MXI1) in renal cell carcinoma cells [153].