PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In a recent study including 249 patients (i.e., 140 patients with NSCLC, 67 patients with RCC, and 42 patients with urothelial cancer) who had received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, the use of antibiotics within two months prior to or one month after the initial administration of immunotherapy was significantly associated with shorter PFS and OS [55].