PTPRN and gastric cancer: Besides, exosomes have been tightly linked to pathological processes to transport tumorigenesis factors such as CD97 which can activate of MAPK signaling pathway to promote gastric cancer (GC) cell proliferation and invasion [14], as well as the spread of autoantigens such as GAD65 and IA-2 which may accelerate diabetes onset in vivo by stimulating the autoimmune response [15].