TGFB1 and Autoimmunity: Compared with estrogens, androgens may enhance the checkpoints for the auto-reactivity of B cells to induce B cell apoptosis via decreasing the level of Bcl-2 in B cells (Altuwaijri et al., 2009), and can also increase the level of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in marrow stromal cells (Olsen, Gu & Kovacs, 2001), thereby suppressing the development of autoimmunity (Gubbels Bupp & Jorgensen, 2018; Sakiani, Olsen & Kovacs, 2013; Zhu et al., 2016).