It should be noted that GM-CSF and IL-3 are the main mediators of innate immune responses and the critical role of both GM-CSF and IL-3 is indicated in the augmentation and progression of some disorders including allergic asthma, aortic dissection, and atherosclerosis while the role of IL-3 in MS and RA pathogenesis is open to question (18). Here, CSF2 is linked to atherosclerosis.