The bacterial flora of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis patients contain significantly higher amounts of Bacteroides, which is accompanied by an enhancement of TNF-α (Hui et al., 2017), and Bacteroides vulgatus induces NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells (Haller et al., 2003). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and necrotizing enterocolitis.