However, there are several other pathological features related to AD, including loss of synapses and neurons, inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes as well as impairment in glucose metabolism and insulin-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3)-Akt signaling in the brain (Mosconi et al., 2008; Serrano-Pozo et al., 2011; Talbot et al., 2012). Here, INS is linked to Alzheimer disease.