Given that C5ar1−/- and C5ar2−/- macrophages (and WT macrophages treated with A8Δ71−73) show decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation at early timepoints of C5a/Nme stimulation, we speculate that the beneficial outcome of experimental Nme sepsis in C5ar1−/- and C5ar2−/- mice (or A8Δ71−73 treated WT) is partially due to this early macrophage activation event. Here, MAPK3 is linked to Sepsis.