How bacterial amyloid can contribute to IAPP accumulation remains unclear; however, recent studies have revealed a trans-kingdom interplay between E. coli curli fibers and alpha-synuclein aggregation in the gut and brain of Parkinson’s disease models, and in triggering amyloidosis in systemic lupus erythematosus following Salmonella typhimurium curli-DNA treatment35,54. Here, IAPP is linked to amyloidosis.