Since studies show that DCs can be induced to preferentially prime Th1 or Th2 type responses and express markers typically utilized to determine M1 macrophage activation (IFN-γ, IL-17a, TNF-α, NOS2, CXCL9, and CXCL10) and M2 macrophage activation (Arg1, FIZZ1, YM1, IL-4, and IL-13) phenotypes (Fig. 2a)9–11, we next sought to determine the activation status of the DCs during H99 and H99γ infection. Here, IL13 is linked to infection.