VCAM1 and Hyperglycemia: Increased ROS in response to FFA and hyperglycemia activates NFκB, leading to an increased expression of cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), an increased infiltration of macrophages and leucocytes and an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α and TGF-β1) [54,55,56,57].