TNF and preeclampsia: While some models target single downstream mechanistic pathways such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase; soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt); angiotensin auto-antibodies, or TNF-α; or use toxins, such as endotoxin, to induce hypertension; the reduced uteroplacental perfusion (RUPP) model is directed towards targeting a primary causal characteristic of preeclampsia, namely insufficient placental perfusion; reviewed in6,7.