Co‐incubation of macrophages with XO and iRBCL also induced synergistic production of the chemokines IL‐8, CCL5, and CCL2 (Fig 5C), which are essential in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes to sites of inflammation (Luster, 1998) and are also elevated during malaria (Ioannidis et al, 2014). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and malaria.