Activated TGF‐β complexes, together with other factors, form a serine/threonine kinase complex that binds to TGF‐β receptors and further activate different downstream substrates and regulatory proteins, mainly the SMAD and DAXX pathways, inducing transcriptions of various target genes involving in cell differentiation, proliferation, chemotaxis and activation of many immune cells.20, 21 Increased expression of TGF‐β often correlates with the malignancy of many cancers. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.