In the AF field, GDF-15 is of increasing interest since this biomarker was the strongest predictor of major bleeding, stroke and mortality in the ARISTOTLE trial (the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation) and RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy), and is one of the strongest prognostic factors in the ABC (age, biomarkers, comorbidities) score, the new score for assessing risk of AF patients [22, 23]. Here, GDF15 is linked to atrial fibrillation.