In summary, the Pre-GC and Post-GC tubes can visualize blockades in differentiation of transitional to mature naïve B-cells in e.g., a subset of XLA patients, and variable defects in IgH-switched MBC and plasmablasts, such as in patients with Hyper IgM syndrome, CD19 complex deficiencies, IgH class aberrancies, and CVID with almost systematic absence of plasmablasts (<0.01 cell/uL) (Figures 1B, 4B) (57). Here, CD40LG is linked to common variable immunodeficiency.