A single unilateral injection of EcoHIV (1 × 106 pg) directly into the caudate putamen resulted in a significant increase in inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL-1β, IFNγ, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL10) 5 days after infection (Figs 3 and 4). The gene discussed is CXCL10; the disease is infection.