AGTR1 and Insulin resistance: Ang II promotes AT1R-mediated insulin resistance via multiple mechanisms including (1) aldosterone release, (2) direct uncoupling of intracellular insulin signaling pathways, (3) decreasing insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) to the cell membrane to subsequently reduce glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, (4) decreasing microvascular blood volume and flow to reduce glucose delivery, and (5) inhibiting insulin-mediated suppression of endogenous glucose production [17, 127].