MTOR and cancer: Previous reports indicate that PPL also has functions at the molecular level and evokes apoptotic cell death through the alteration of differing pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK1, 2/STAT3), and JNK, in cancer-derived cell lines [21].