KLK3 and prostate carcinoma: As a result, researchers have introduced other biomarkers for prostate cancer, such as free PSA, human kallikerin 2, prostate cancer antigen 3, prostate-specific membrane antigen, etc. [39] to better diagnose prostate cancer and avoid over-diagnosis and over- treatment, but there is a public consensus that with evaluation of patient risk factors, physicians can separate high-risk patients and focus on them to not miss any significant cancer, in addition, to decline over-treatment and diagnosis [14,40].