IFNG and hepatocellular carcinoma: Furthermore, TNF-α was reported to synergistically act with IFN-γ to induce PD-L1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels and enhance the adaptive immune resistance mediated by IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via upregulating the expression of IFN-γ receptors (187).