IRS1 and Hyperglycemia: This is the potential protective effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and a formula consisting of MLE, fenugreek seed extract, and cinnamon cassia extract (MLEF) on hyperglycemia induced by high-energy diet and toxic chemicals in rats and recovery of insulin sensitivity, the most likely mechanism is the upregulation of phosphorylation of JNK and other related proteins in the liver to promote IRS-1 phosphorylation (Liu et al., 2016).