In addition, it allows penetration of oxidized lipid and various immune cells freely into the intima stimulating the formation of plaques.40 As periodontitis increased the serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which could be released from residential or circulatory macrophages in mice with periodontitis, we confirmed that cytokines released from macrophages induced EndMT in HUVECs. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and periodontitis.