We observed that the majority of the PD-L1+ B cells had a phenotype consistent with that of Breg cells (CD19+CD24++CD38++), indicating that these PD-L1+ B cells are a subpopulation of the so-called Breg cell population, at least in these HIV+ subjects who went on to develop AIDS-NHL (Fig. 4). This evidence concerns the gene CD19 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.