To define PD-L1 expression on B cells, we stained PBMC with anti-CD19 and anti-PD-L1, and assessed these cells by flow cytometry, finding a significant increase in the number of PD-L1+ B cells in the circulation of AIDS-NHL cases 1–4 years, but not >4 years, prior to NHL diagnosis (p = 0.029) (Fig. 2A). Here, CD19 is linked to AIDS.