TNF and Alzheimer disease: In the study of Kim et al., intraperitoneally-injected BV also improved OVA-induced AD-like symptoms, such as an increase in skin thickness, edema, erythema, and excoriation in mice by inhibiting mast cell infiltration, by decreasing filaggrin levels, and secretion of AD-related inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, including CD14, CD11b, IL-1β, TNF-α, TSLP, and an excessive IgE response.