Activated STAT4 is important for the differentiation of Th1 cells, and activated STAT3 is important for the differentiation, functions and amplification of Th17 cells.39, 40 In addition, the inhibition of STAT3 contributes to the activation of Tregs.41 These findings may partly explain the effects of Bry‐1 on the intestinal mucosal immune response in CD‐like colitis. This evidence concerns the gene STAT4 and Cowden disease.