RAF1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: We re-analyzed the difference between oxaliplatin-resistant and wild-type HCC, and the activation of the MAPK/Erk signaling cascade was demonstrated to be concomitant with the upregulation and phosphorylation of p-C-RAF, p-MEK, and p-Erk1/2, which eventually led to the upregulation of Id-1 (Fig. 5e).