TNF and glioma: Cytokines and chemokines prevalently produced in glioma tissue include Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α)16, IL-8 (CXCL8)17–19, macrophage chemo attractant protein-1 MCP-1/CCL220, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF/CSF2)21 and Chemokine Receptor 3 (CXCR3).