TNF and Parkinson disease: Consistently, the plasma levels of TNFα and IFNγ were increased in the PD group than controls (TNFα: PD vs. control: 10.71 ± 3.89 pg/ml vs. 6.04 ± 2.73 pg/ml, P = 0.02; and IFNγ: PD vs. control: 37.22 ± 9.15 pg/ml vs. 28.39 ± 10.21 pg/ml, P < 0.01) (Fig. 5c).