CDH11 and neoplasm: CDH11 mRNA was significantly higher in the metastatic tumor samples as compared to their primary tumor counterparts, and this was concomitant with down-regulated E-cadherin (p < 0.01) and upregulated CD44 (p < 0.05), vimentin (p < 0.01), and β-catenin (p < 0.01) mRNA expression in the metastasis sample, compared to primary tumor samples (Fig. 5e).