Additionally, fetuses from HF mothers showed an increase in gut mRNA expression levels of AMP genes Lyz1 (but not Lyz2), Defa1, and Reg3g. This is in contrast to studies in adult mice [27,32,55,65] that have demonstrated that HF diets decrease gut levels of AMPs, though one study [29] found differing results between the mRNA and protein levels. Here, DEFA1 is linked to hydrops fetalis.