PTEN and thyroid gland carcinoma: Ngeow et al. (2014) did not detect any deleterious germline RASAL1 alterations in patients with thyroid cancer with simultaneous mutations in PTEN. Based on these findings, germline mutations in the RASAL1 gene may be a risk factor for the development of FTC in PTEN mutation-negative patients and those with Cowden syndrome [44].