INS and breast carcinoma: The results of previous epidemiologic studies for the association between IR and postmenopausal breast cancer are inconsistent: rate ratio of HOMA-IR and glucose = 1.50 (95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 1.03–2.02 and 1.14–2.32, respectively) in a nested case-control study [11], hazard ratio (HR) of insulin = 2.40 (95% CI: 1.39–3.53 in a multicentric randomized controlled trial [12], and 95% CI: 1.30–4.41 in a case-cohort study [13]); and marginal [14] or no associations [15,16].