EGF and cancer: Increased intracellular cAMP and activated PKA stimulate the release of epidermal growth factor (EGF)25, 31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)32–33 and arachidonic acid (AA)11 from the cancer cells and from fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells in the stroma that constitutes the cancer micro-environment34–35.