In addition, administration of pharmacologic A2AR antagonists recapitulates the anti-tumor effects of A2AR-deletion since it results to reduced primary tumor expansion (38, 54, 389, 392, 393, 396) and metastasis formation (292, 384, 393, 394, 397) ultimately leading to prolonged survival (384, 396). This evidence concerns the gene ADORA2A and neoplasm.