TGFB1 and immune system disorder: Even with the critical role of TGF-β1 in the fibrosis process, blocking TGF-β1 globally could increase the risks of severe systemic side effects, such as systemic inflammation, immune disorders, tumors, and even death (Flavell et al. 2010; Seoane and Gomis 2017), which could lead to complicated conditions in infectious patients.