Despite the fact that DMD and mdx dystrophy result from mutations that cause loss of the membrane-associated structural protein, dystrophin, and lead to a mechanically-weaker muscle cell membrane60,61, most muscle fiber damage results from lysis caused by myeloid cells, especially macrophages expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that are biased toward the M1, pro-inflammatory phenotype7,26. This evidence concerns the gene DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.