As summarized by Chaumontet and colleagues [98] when reviewing studies in rats [99,100,101,102,103,104]—higher GI carbohydrates cause: (a) impaired lipid oxidation that occurs in advance of insulin resistance and higher insulin secretion, (b) development of insulin resistance in advance of glucose intolerance, (c) in the longer-term development of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia, and (d) development of obesity, visceral adiposity and elevated liver triglyceride. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.