The fact that MAVS-/- mice control WNV-MAD infection and IFNAR-/- mice do not [11], is most likely due to the fact that MAVS-/- mice still make type I IFN after WNV infection, possibly downstream of TLR activation, and thus, presumably utilize the IFNAR pathway for protection [9]. Here, IFNAR1 is linked to mandibuloacral dysplasia.