Furthermore, it is possible that the persistence of virus RNA in the spleens of MAVS-/- mice (Fig 1D) potentially serve as an innate immune pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), which may perpetuate small GCs that we were unable to detect, and result in the lasting elevation of IgG ASCs in the spleen of MAVS-/- mice 63 days after WNV-MAD infection (Fig 2F). Here, MAVS is linked to mandibuloacral dysplasia.