The finding that TIC treatment but not CLO treatment leads to greater expression of PON1 (Fig 5D & 5F) and higher serum activity of PON1 compared to the control (Fig 5E), when taken together with previous reports [62–65], suggests that the ability of TIC to induce PON1 in atherosclerotic arteries contributes to superior protection against atherosclerosis by TIC compared to CLO. Here, PON1 is linked to atherosclerosis.