In addition, the up-regulation of the tumor suppressor genes P53 and LKB1 by AKG treatment may indicate reduced susceptibility to cancer; although further studies are needed to validate this conjecture, it is now well established that abnormal metabolism of AKG can lead to the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) and promote oncogenic transformation [22]. Here, TP53 is linked to cancer.