VEGFA and age-related macular degeneration: As observed during hypoxia-induced PVR in zebrafish and VEGF-A–induced PVR in rats, the pathologically activated, but not neovascular choriocapillaris in AMD patients, were characterized by a large number of ELPs, a few of which connected with ELPs from the opposing side to form primitive ISPs, suggesting that productive and nonproductive intussusception is also important for PVR in humans (Figure 6F).