TLR4 and epilepsy: We investigated the correlation of serum HMGB1 and TLR4 levels with risk of epilepsy in this case-control study and we found that: i) expressions of HMGB1 and TLR4 were higher in epilepsy patients compared with HCs; ii) elevated HMGB1 and TLR4 expressions were both associated with longer seizure duration as well as increased seizure frequency; iii) increased HMGB1 and TLR4 expressions were correlated with higher possibility of anti-epilepsy drugs resistance.