CCN3 and spontaneous abortion: Moreover, a number of genes identified have been implicated in miscarriage (Fgl2) (Clark et al., 2001) and in the development of placental dysfunction in the pregnancy complication, preeclampsia (Acta2, Ngf and Nov/Ccn3)(Gellhaus et al., 2006; Sahay et al., 2015; Todros et al., 2007).