TNF and neoplasm: We can summarize the pathways of these roles as follows: (1) direct effect of TNF in cancer progression modulated by TNF-TNFR2 axis breast cancer cells itself and (2) indirect effect of TNF in cancer progression modulated by TNF-TNFR2 on Tregs and MDSC which ultimately increase tumourigenesis, tumour invasion, and metastasis.