Compared to non-tumor tissues (N), a variety of factors like TGF-β1, TGF-β2, HMGB1, PVR, nectin-2, galectin-9, PD-L1, PD-L2, and MICA/MICB were significantly higher in the tumor tissue (T) (Figure 4a). Here, HMGB1 is linked to neoplasm.